Stein, F. (1883), Der Organismus der Infusionsthiere nach eigenen Forschungen in systematischer Reihenfolge III. Abth.Einleitung und der abbildungen II. Halfte: 28, taf XXIV figs 1-13, taf XXV fig 1 [tax. nov.]

• Type locality: Nordsee, Mittelmeer, Sudsee. North Sea

Wood, E.J.F. (1954), Dinoflagellates of the Australian region. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 5: 171–351 [secondary reference]

Hallegraeff, G.M. & Jeffrey, S.W. (1984), Tropical phytoplankton species and pigments of continental shelf waters of north and north-west Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 20: 59–74 [secondary reference]

Hallegraeff, G.M. & Reid, D.D. (1986), Phytoplankton species successions and their hydrological environment at a coastal station off Sydney. Austral. J. Mar. Freshw. Res 37: 361–377 [secondary reference]

Throndsen, J., Hasle, G.R. & Tangen, K. (2003), Norsk Kystplankton Flora: - [secondary reference]

ABRS (2008), Australian Algal Name Index Edn. 2008: - [secondary reference]

• AMANI dist.: Norway

Hallegraeff, G.M., Bolch, C.J.S., Huisman, J.M. & de Salas, M.F. (2010), Planktonic dinoflagellates. Algae of Australia: Phytoplankton of Temperate Coastal Waters: 145–212 [secondary reference]

McCarthy, P. (Comp.) (2012), Census of Australian Marine Dinoflagellates: - AAL [secondary reference]

• Distribution: Gulf of Carpentaria/North-west Shelf Qld, N.S.W. (off Sydney, Port Hacking), Vic., Tas., S.A.
• Ex.distribution: Canada (Nova Scotia), Canary Islands, British Isles, North Sea, Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Japan, South Korea, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands

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