Hulburt, E.M. (1957), Biol. Bull. Mar. Biol. Lab. Woods Hole 112: 212, pl. 3, figs 1–3 [tax. nov.]

• Type locality: U.S.A. (Massachusetts)

Larsen, J. (1996), Unarmoured dinoflagellates from Australian waters. II. Genus Gyrodinium (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae). Phycologia 35: 342–349 [secondary reference]

Al-Qassab, S., Lee, W.J., Murray, S., Simpson, A.G.B. & Patterson, D.J. (2002), Flagellates from stromatolites and surrounding sediments in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Acta Protozool 41: 91–144 [secondary reference]

McCarthy, P. (Comp.) (2012), Census of Australian Marine Dinoflagellates: - [secondary reference]

• APC Comment: P.McCarthy (2012) uses this taxon concept.
• Distribution: Vic. (Port Phillip Bay), W.A. (Shark Bay)
• Ex.distribution: U.S.A. (Virginia, North Carolina, Massachusetts), Canada (Gulf of St. Lawrence), Canary Islands, North Sea, Baltic Sea, South Korea, Japan

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