Hulburt, E.M. (1957), Biol. Bull. Mar. Biol. Lab. Woods Hole 112: 211, pl. 1, figs 11, 12 [tax. nov.]

• Type locality: U.S.A. (Massachusetts)

Larsen, J. (1996), Unarmoured dinoflagellates from Australian waters. II. Genus Gyrodinium (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae). Phycologia 35: 342–349 [secondary reference]

McCarthy, P. (Comp.) (2012), Census of Australian Marine Dinoflagellates: - [secondary reference]

• APC Comment: P.McCarthy (2012) uses this taxon concept.
• Distribution: Vic. (Port Phillip Bay)
• Ex.distribution: U.S.A. (North Carolina, Massachusetts), Canada (E coast)

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