Mann, A. (2004), J. Phycol 40: 167, figs 2e–h, 3a–f [tax. nov.]

• Type locality: New Zealand

Mooney, B.D., de Salas, M., Hallegraeff, G.M. & Price, A.R. (2009), Survey for karlotoxin production in 15 species of gymnodinioid dinoflagellates (Kareniaceae, Dinophyta). J. Phycol 45: 164–175 [secondary reference]

Hallegraeff, G.M., Bolch, C.J.S., Huisman, J.M. & de Salas, M.F. (2010), Planktonic dinoflagellates. Algae of Australia: Phytoplankton of Temperate Coastal Waters: 145–212 [secondary reference]

McCarthy, P. (Comp.) (2012), Census of Australian Marine Dinoflagellates: - [secondary reference]

• APC Comment: P.McCarthy (2012) uses this taxon concept.
• Distribution: Vic. (Gippsland Lakes), Tas. (Georges Bay, Moulting Bay, Ansons Bay, Little Swanport, Parsons Bay, D’Entrecasteaux Channe), S.A. (Port Lincoln), W.A. (Swan River)
• Ex.distribution: Gulf of Mexico, U.S.A. (Delaware), Spain (N coast), Mediterranean Sea, South China Sea, New Zealand

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