Buetschli (1873), Arch. Microskop 9: 657, pl. 26, fig. 22 [tax. nov.]

• Type locality: Norway, Germany

Hallegraeff, G.M. & Reid, D.D. (1986), Phytoplankton species successions and their hydrological environment at a coastal station off Sydney. Austral. J. Mar. Freshw. Res 37: 361–377 [secondary reference]

Hallegraeff, G.M., Bolch, C.J.S., Huisman, J.M. & de Salas, M.F. (2010), Planktonic dinoflagellates. Algae of Australia: Phytoplankton of Temperate Coastal Waters: 145–212 [secondary reference]

McMinn, A., Bolch, C.J.S., de Salas, M.F. & Hallegraeff, G.M. (2010), Recent dinoflagellate cysts. Algae of Australia: Phytoplankton of Temperate Coastal Waters: 260–292 [secondary reference]

McCarthy, P. (Comp.) (2012), Census of Australian Marine Dinoflagellates: - [secondary reference]

• APC Comment: P.McCarthy (2012) uses this taxon concept.
• Distribution: 'Widely distributed ... throughout the Australian region' (Hallegraeff et al., 2010)
• Ex.distribution: Brazil, Gulf of Mexico, U.S.A. (Virginia, Rhode Island), Canada (Gulf of St. Lawrence), Greenland, North Atlantic Ocean, France, British Isles, Norway, Germany, Portugal, Spain, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, West Africa, South Africa, Japan, Southern Ocean (S of Australia), Mexico (Pacific coast)

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